Hansel and Gretel
Told by The Brothers GrimmGermanyTale type ATU 327A
- Age
- 5 to 10
- Reading time
- 10 minutes
- Scariness
- 3 of 5Real danger, resolved before the end
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The story
There was a woodcutter who lived at the edge of a great forest with his two children, Hansel and Gretel, and his wife, who was not their mother.
That year the harvest failed and then it failed again, and by the second winter there were four people in that house and food for two.
One night Hansel woke because the grown-ups were talking.
"We take them into the wood," the woman was saying. "Deep in. We build them a fire and we tell them to wait."
"They're children."
"Then all four of us starve. Is that better?"
There was a long silence, and in that silence Hansel understood that his father was going to agree, and that he was going to hate himself for it, and that neither of those things was going to help.
Gretel had heard too. She was crying with her face in the blanket so as not to be heard.
"Don't," said Hansel. "I'm thinking."
He waited until the house went quiet. Then he took his boots and went out into the yard, where the moon was up, and the path in front of the house was scattered all over with little white pebbles, and they shone like coins.
He filled both pockets.
In the morning the woman shook them awake. "We're going for wood," she said. "All of us. Bring nothing."
They walked a long way in. Hansel kept stopping.
"What are you doing?"
"Looking at my cat. He's sitting on the roof, saying goodbye."
"That is the sun on the chimney, you foolish boy."
But it was not the cat and it was not the sun. Each time he stopped, Hansel dropped a white pebble on the path behind him.
Deep in the wood their father built them a good fire, better than he needed to, and he took a long time over it.
"Wait here," he said, and he did not look at either of them. "We won't be long."
They waited all day. When the moon came up, the path behind them was scattered with little points of light, all the way home, and they followed them and were back at the door by midnight.
Their father cried when he saw them, which Hansel thought about for a long time afterwards.
But the food did not come back.
A few weeks later Hansel got up in the night again and found the door locked from the outside.
So in the morning, when they gave him his piece of bread, he did not eat it. He crumbled it in his pocket, all the way, and every so often he stopped and scattered a little of it behind him on the path.
And the birds ate it. Every crumb. Before the sun had even gone down.
This time when the moon came up there was nothing on the path at all.
They walked for two days. They ate berries, and then they did not eat. Gretel cried and then stopped crying, which was worse. On the third morning they came round a stand of birches and there was a house in a clearing that had absolutely no business being there.
The walls were gingerbread. The roof was slabs of cake. The windows were clear spun sugar, and the gables were iced white, and there was a smell coming off it that made Hansel's whole head go quiet.
They ate. They could not have done anything else.
"Nibble, nibble, little mouse," said a voice. "Who is nibbling at my house?"
An old woman stood in the doorway leaning on a stick. She was very old and quite bent and she was smiling at them with such warmth that Gretel took a step towards her before she knew she had.
"You poor things," said the old woman. "Look at you. Come in."
Inside there was milk and pancakes with sugar, and apples and nuts, and two little beds with white sheets, and the children ate until they could not sit up and then slept for eleven hours.
The old woman was a witch, and her eyesight was very poor, and she had built her house out of food for exactly one reason.
In the morning she took Hansel by the arm, and she was much stronger than she looked, and she put him in a stable behind the house and shut the door on him.
Then she shook Gretel awake.
"Get up. Water, fire, cooking. Your brother is going to be fattened, and you are going to do the fattening."
And for a month, that is what happened.
Every morning the witch went to the stable door and told Hansel to put out his finger so she could feel how plump he was getting. And every morning Hansel put out a thin dry chicken bone from the corner of his cage instead, and the witch, whose eyes were no good at all, felt it and grumbled that the boy was made of string.
Gretel carried water. Gretel scrubbed. Gretel was frightened the entire time, so frightened that she could not think, and every night she lay on the floor by the stove and told herself she was useless.
On the last morning the witch ran out of patience.
"String or not," she said, "we cook him today. Gretel. Get in and check the oven is hot."
And Gretel, who had done every single thing she was told for a month, looked at the open oven door and understood exactly what was being asked of her.
"I don't know how," she said.
"You are a stupid girl. Look. Like this."
The witch bent down and put her head inside the oven to show her.
Gretel did not think about it, because there was no time and because thinking had never once helped her. She put both hands flat on the witch's back and shoved with everything she had, and the witch went into the oven, and Gretel slammed the iron door and dropped the bar across it.
Inside, the witch shouted a great deal. Gretel stood with her back against the door until the shouting turned into ordinary furious complaining, and then she went and let her brother out of the stable.
Hansel came out of that door like a bird out of a window.
They did not go straight home. They went through the witch's house first, sensibly, and they found pearls and gold in a chest under the bed and filled every pocket they had, and Gretel filled her apron too.
Then they walked.
After two days they came to a wide stretch of water with no bridge and no boat, and Gretel sat down on the bank and said she could not think of anything.
"There," said Hansel.
A white duck came across the water. She took Hansel first, because the duck was small and they were not, and she came back for Gretel, and set her down on the far bank beside her brother.
And after that the wood began to look like a wood they knew.
Their father was sitting in the doorway. He had not had a happy hour since the day he walked out of that clearing without them. The woman was gone; nobody in the story ever says where.
He saw them at the end of the path and he could not get up.
They emptied their pockets onto the table, pearls and gold rolling everywhere and falling on the floor, and that was the end of being hungry in that house.
And Gretel, who had been useless for a month, never once thought of herself that way again.
What is the moral of Hansel and Gretel?
When one of you runs out of ideas, it is the other one's turn.
This is the only famous fairy tale where the rescue is done entirely by children, and specifically by two children taking turns. Hansel is clever first: he thinks of the pebbles, he keeps his sister calm, he handles the first night in the wood. Then he is caged and completely out of options, and Gretel, who has been frightened and useless for two days, is suddenly the only one who can do anything. She is not braver than him. She is braver *later*, which is a different and more encouraging thing for a child to hear.
Talk about it
- Hansel had a plan the first time and not the second. Why did the second plan fail?
- Gretel is frightened for most of the story and then saves them both. Does being frightened stop you being brave?
- The witch's house is made of gingerbread. Why do you think it works so well as a trap?
- Their father goes along with something he knows is wrong. What could he have done instead?
- The children come home to a house with no food in it. Do you think everything is really fine at the end?
Who is in the story
Gretel
protagonist · human
Frightened for a month, useless by her own account, and then the only person in the story who actually does anything.
- Kind
- 9 out of 10
- Brave
- 10 out of 10
- Clever
- 8 out of 10
- Honest
- 7 out of 10
- Curious
- 5 out of 10
- Patient
- 8 out of 10
Hansel
protagonist · human
The one who thinks of the pebbles, keeps his sister calm, and then spends a month in a cage with nothing to offer but a chicken bone.
- Kind
- 9 out of 10
- Brave
- 8 out of 10
- Clever
- 10 out of 10
- Honest
- 6 out of 10
- Curious
- 7 out of 10
- Patient
- 9 out of 10
The Witch
antagonist · human
Built a house out of food in the middle of a forest full of hungry people, and waited.
- Kind
- 1 out of 10
- Brave
- 4 out of 10
- Clever
- 8 out of 10
- Honest
- 1 out of 10
- Curious
- 3 out of 10
- Patient
- 10 out of 10
The Father
supporting · human
A woodcutter who agrees to something he knows is wrong, builds his children an unnecessarily good fire, and cannot look at them.
- Kind
- 6 out of 10
- Brave
- 2 out of 10
- Clever
- 4 out of 10
- Honest
- 5 out of 10
- Curious
- 3 out of 10
- Patient
- 6 out of 10
The White Duck
helper · duck
Comes across a wide stretch of water when there is no bridge and no boat, and takes them over one at a time.
- Kind
- 10 out of 10
- Brave
- 6 out of 10
- Clever
- 6 out of 10
- Honest
- 10 out of 10
- Curious
- 4 out of 10
- Patient
- 9 out of 10
In a nutshell
Two children are taken into the wood and left there. The first time, Hansel has filled his pockets with pebbles. The second time he only has bread, and birds eat it. Then they find a house made of gingerbread, and the old woman inside is very pleased to see them.
Scene by scene
20 moments from the tale.
- Scene 1The Woodcutter's Cottagegrim
They're children
Hansel wakes to hear the grown-ups deciding, and understands from the silence that his father will agree.
Two words of resistance, then silence
- Scene 2The Woodcutter's Cottageresolved
White stones in the moonlight
Hansel goes out into the moonlit yard and fills both pockets with white pebbles.
They shone like coins
- Scene 3The Deep Forestquietly cunning
Looking at my cat
They walk a long way into the wood and Hansel keeps stopping. He has a reason ready every time, and behind him the path is filling up with small white stones.
He's sitting on the roof, saying goodbye
- Scene 4The Deep Forestunbearable
Wait here
Their father builds them an unnecessarily good fire deep in the wood, and cannot look at them when he goes.
He built a better fire than he needed to
- Scene 5The Deep Forestvindicated
Little points of light
They wait all day beside a fire that goes out. Then the moon comes up over the spruce and the path behind them turns into a line of small lights.
All the way home, and they followed them
- Scene 6The Woodcutter's Cottagehollow
Their father cried
They are back at the door by midnight. Their father opens it and cries when he sees them, and Hansel stands in the yard and thinks about that for a long time afterwards.
He cried, and Hansel watched him do it
- Scene 7The Woodcutter's Cottageflat and final
Locked from the outside
A few weeks later Hansel gets up in the night to do it again, and finds the door has been locked from the outside. He does not wake his sister.
The door did not move
- Scene 8The Deep Foresthopeful and doomed
He did not eat his bread
Given a piece of bread in the morning, Hansel puts it in his pocket instead of his mouth and crumbles it as he walks, scattering a little behind him every so often.
He crumbled it in his pocket, all the way
- Scene 9The Deep Forestflat
Nothing on the path at all
The moon comes up exactly as it did the first time. The path behind them is bare leaf litter from one side of the clearing to the other.
The same moon, and nothing to see
- Scene 10The Gingerbread Houseastonished
A house that should not be there
After two days without food they come round a stand of birches and find a house made entirely of gingerbread.
The walls were gingerbread
- Scene 11The Gingerbread Housesweet and wrong
Nibble, nibble, little mouse
An old woman appears in the doorway leaning on a stick and smiles at them with such warmth that Gretel steps forward before she knows she has.
She smiled, and Gretel stepped toward her
- Scene 12The Gingerbread Housewarm and wrong
Eleven hours
Inside there is milk and pancakes with sugar, apples and nuts, and two little beds with white sheets. The children eat until they cannot sit up.
Milk, pancakes, and two beds with white sheets
- Scene 13The Gingerbread Housebrisk
Water, fire, cooking
By morning the stable door behind the house is shut and barred with Hansel on the other side of it. The old woman shakes Gretel awake and tells her what the arrangement is.
Instructions, not threats
- Scene 14The Gingerbread Housegrim but comic
Put out your finger
Every morning the witch asks Hansel to hold out a finger, and every morning he holds out a dry chicken bone instead.
A month of chicken bone
- Scene 15The Gingerbread Houseworn down
Gretel carried water
A month of buckets and scrubbing. Every night she lies down on the floor by the stove and tells herself she is no use to anybody.
Every night she told herself she was useless
- Scene 16The Gingerbread Housedecisive
I don't know how
Told to climb into the oven and check it is hot, Gretel says she does not know how, and the witch bends down to show her.
Three words, and then no thinking at all
- Scene 17The Gingerbread Houserelief
Like a bird out of a window
Gretel crosses the yard, lifts the bar off the stable door and pulls it open. Her brother has been behind it for a month.
She lifted the bar and stood back
- Scene 18The Gingerbread Housepractical
A chest under the bed
They do not go straight home. They search the house first and find pearls and gold in a chest under the bed, and fill every pocket they have and Gretel's apron as well.
They went through the house first, sensibly
- Scene 19The Wide Waterquietly hopeful
One at a time
A white duck carries them across the wide water one at a time, because she is small and they are two children.
No bridge, no boat, and one small duck
- Scene 20The Woodcutter's Cottagewrecked and relieved
Everything on the table
They empty their pockets of pearls and gold onto the table, and that is the end of being hungry in that house.
He could not get up
Where it happens
The Deep Forest
forest
Far enough in that a fire looks like the only light in the world.
The Gingerbread House
cottage
A house in a clearing that has absolutely no business being there.
The Wide Water
river
No bridge, no boat, and two children who cannot swim.
The Woodcutter's Cottage
cottage
One room at the edge of a very large forest, with four people in it and food for two.
How they are connected
They take turns. One of them is capable for the first half and the other for the second.
A month of being ordered about, ending in three words and a shove.
A month of holding out a chicken bone to a woman who cannot see.
The FatherHanselfamily
A father who cannot look at him, and a son who notices everything.
Things you might not know
In the Grimms' first edition of 1812 it is the children's own mother who wants them abandoned. Wilhelm changed her into a stepmother in a later edition, as he did in several tales, largely to protect the idea of motherhood.
The Grimms wrote this down during a period of real famine in Germany. Abandoning children in the woods was not invented as a fairy-tale horror; it was a thing that happened.
Gretel is the only child in the famous Grimm tales who rescues someone else with no magic, no helper and no adult. She does it entirely on her own.
Perrault's Hop-o'-My-Thumb, published in France 115 years earlier, has a boy dropping white pebbles to find his way home from a wood. The Grimms almost certainly knew it.
The witch's rhyme, 'Nibble, nibble, little mouse, who is nibbling at my house', rhymes in German too: knusper, knusper, knauschen.
Humperdinck's 1893 opera made the story world-famous, and it is still performed at Christmas. In that version fourteen angels guard the children while they sleep in the forest.
Folklorists file it as ATU 327A. Versions of children escaping a cannibal in the woods have been recorded across Europe, Africa and Asia.
In the Grimms' ending the witch is burned alive in her own oven. Almost every modern retelling changes this, and so have we: she is shut in her larder and left shouting.
What things stand for
- The white pebbles
- A plan that works. They shine in the moonlight because Hansel thought about it in daylight, which is the whole difference between the two nights.
- The breadcrumbs
- A plan made in a hurry with whatever was left. It is not stupid, it is just all he had.
- The gingerbread house
- Something too good to be true, aimed precisely at what you are most hungry for.
- The white duck
- The way home. There is no bridge back, so somebody has to carry them, and only one at a time.
- The moon
- The only reason the first plan works at all. Hansel needs the pebbles to shine, so he needs to wait for dark.
The same story elsewhere
Folk tales are not owned by whoever wrote them down first.
Nennillo and Nennella
Italy, 1634
Basile's much older version, in which a brother and sister are abandoned in a wood by their father at their stepmother's insistence. No witch and no gingerbread.
The Lost Children
France, traditional
The children escape from an ogre rather than a witch, and the trick is swapping caps with the ogre's own children in the dark.
Hop-o'-My-Thumb
France, 1697
Perrault's version has seven brothers abandoned in a wood, and the smallest one drops white pebbles exactly as Hansel does.
The Brother and Sister
Russia, traditional
Baba Yaga takes the witch's place, and the children escape with the help of objects they have been kind to.
Where you might already know it from
Most children meet a screen version first. Here is what those changed.
Hansel und Gretel
opera, Engelbert Humperdinck, 1893
The stepmother becomes a much gentler figure who sends them out for strawberries rather than abandoning them, and fourteen angels guard the children while they sleep in the wood.
Countless screen versions
animation, Various
Almost all soften or remove the abandonment, which is the part of the story children actually find frightening, and keep the gingerbread house, which they do not.
Modern horror retellings
film, Various
Several adult horror films use the premise. Worth knowing they exist so nobody stumbles into one looking for the children's version.
Adult content. Mentioned for context only.
Questions parents ask
- What is the moral of Hansel and Gretel?
- When one of you runs out of ideas, it is the other one's turn.
- What is Hansel and Gretel about?
- Two children are taken into the wood and left there. The first time, Hansel has filled his pockets with pebbles. The second time he only has bread, and birds eat it. Then they find a house made of gingerbread, and the old woman inside is very pleased to see them.
- What age is Hansel and Gretel for?
- Hansel and Gretel suits ages 5-10.
- How long does Hansel and Gretel take to read?
- About 10 minutes read aloud.
- Where does Hansel and Gretel come from?
- Hansel and Gretel is a traditional tale from Germany.
Sing it
Every story here has its own song. This one is hushed, then hopeful, about 84 beats a minute.
Follow the Little White Stones
folk ballad
There is no recording yet. The words are here so you can sing it yourself.
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